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Fake Hermès Birkin bags and other counterfeit luxury goods are popular not only with people on a budget, but also with those with deeper pockets, a new study suggests.

Researchers from the National University of Singapore analyzed millions of counterfeit purchases by American consumers from more than 24,000 U.S. zip codes on a major cross-border, e-commerce platform. They found that both lower- and higher-income individuals are “significantly more likely” to buy fake luxury items than middle-income consumers, according to a press release by INFORMS on Monday.

'Ghost ships' are vessels that disappear from public tracking systems, their location manipulated or their digital record misleading. An estimated 65% of outbound tankers crossing the Strait of Hormuz operate in dark mode, reducing visibility and increasing supply chain uncertainty. Misinformation in vessel tracking can cause manufacturing delays, compliance risks and financial losses. Layered verification processes, combining AIS data with other sources and escalation triggers for handling uncertain shipments, can help mitigate risk.